黑白无常Hei Bai Wu Chang
黑白無常，源於中國道教神話所言的無常鬼，負責接引人死後之鬼魂入於陰曹，為死神之一，一白一黑象徵一日一夜，也象徵一陽一陰。
「無常」原是佛教用語，為變化之意，因此表示非永恆存在的，所謂「諸行無常」，在《地藏經》將其具象化云「無常大鬼，不期而至」，告誡人們生命隨時都在變化，無法永恆不變。民間信仰將轉化「無常大鬼」四字認為是勾魂使者，負責接引人死後進入地府。
除了福建之外，中國各地流傳的黑白無常，是兩個同樣高大的鬼卒，多半持有燈籠、招魂幡、哭喪棒等，為接引一般新死之鬼魂入於陰間，無關善惡，如同報戶口的公務員。
而福建的謝范將軍傳說，則是兩人因生前重諾守信而亡，受玉帝賞賜，封為神明，成為閻君、城隍的部將。職責除了引領新死的鬼魂之外，主要在捉拿惡鬼，同時具有賞善罰惡的教育意義。謝范將軍為緝拿惡鬼的神明，如同捉拿罪犯的刑警偵緝人員；一高一矮。謝將軍高大，手持羽扇、令牌、手銬、鐵鏈等，范將軍矮胖，手握羽扇、方牌、刑具等。
更重要的是，福建、臺灣常認為謝范將軍是陰間神靈如地藏菩薩、引魂菩薩、目連尊者、東嶽大帝、城隍等神的從神，甚至是一般王爺神等的護法神，福州、馬祖地區將謝范將軍供為大量村廟神靈的左右配祀，常供於大殿主龕之左右側，如同天上聖母之千順將軍。
- 身材：黑白無常身材相仿；謝范將軍為一高一矮。
- 衣色：黑無常全身黑裝、白無常全身白裝；謝范將軍衣色多元，可以是黑白衣色，也可以是一藍一綠、一黃一紅。
- 表情：黑白無常俱伸長舌；在臺灣，謝將軍伸長舌，但范將軍則不一定。
- 持物：二者俱持刑具，然黑白無常通常持有燈籠、哭喪棒，而謝范將軍特別有羽扇、令牌等。
- 位份：黑白無常為陰曹冊封的勾魂使者；謝范將軍為受玉帝冊封之神。
- 隸屬：黑白無常主要為陰間勾拿使者；謝范將軍主要為王爺、城隍爺之部將。
- 職能：黑白無常主要為接引亡者；謝范將軍主要為捉拿惡鬼。
- 神將：黑白無常少見於神明遶境；謝范將軍能捉拿惡鬼，往往製有大神尪仔隨同神明廟會。
周星馳電影《大內密探零零發》（臺譯：《鹿鼎大帝》）中，無相皇之子所使用分身之武功，即為黑白無常一黑一白，二者身材等高，手持哭喪棒，與謝范將軍的形象一高一矮確實有別。
劉德華、林青霞主演之電影《絕代雙驕》，十大惡人中的黑無常與白無常，即是各別一襲黑裝與白裝，二人身高相仿，與七爺八爺的形象一高一矮確實有別。後江玉郎練成寒冰烈火掌，以寒冰掌擊黑無常使其結冰而凍白、以烈火掌攻白無常使其火燒而焦黑，有「黑無常變成了白無常、白無常變成了黑無常」之語。
The Heibai Wuchang, or Hak Bak Mo Seong, literally "Black and White Impermanence", are two Deities in Chinese folk religion in charge of escorting the spirits of the dead to the underworld. As their names suggest, they are dressed in black and white respectively. They are subordinates of Yanluo Wang, the Supreme Judge of the Underworld in Chinese mythology, alongside the Ox-Headed and Horse-Faced Hell Guards. They are worshiped as fortune deities and are also worshiped in Cheng Huang Temples in some countries.
In some instances, the Heibai Wuchang are represented as a single being – instead of two separate beings – known as the Wuchang Gui (also romanised Wu-ch'ang Kuei), literally "Ghost of Impermanence". Depending on the person it encounters, the Wuchang Gui can appear as either a fortune deity who rewards the person for doing good deeds or a malevolent deity who punishes the person for committing evil.
In folklore, the White Guard's name is Xie Bi'an (謝必安; 谢必安; Xiè Bì'ān), which can be interpreted as "Those who make amends ("Xie") will always be at peace ("Bi'an")". The Black Guard's name is Fan Wujiu (范無咎; 范无咎; Fàn Wújiù), which conversely means that "Those who commit crimes ("Fan") will have no salvation ("Wujiu")". They are sometimes referred to as "Generals Fan and Xie" (范謝將軍; 范谢将军; Fàn Xiè Jiāngjūn).
In Fujian Province and among overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asian countries such as Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia, they are known as "First and Second Masters" (大二老爺; 大二老爷; Dà Èr Lǎoyé) or "First and Second Uncles" (大二爺伯; 大二爷伯; Dà Èr Yébó; Tua Di Ah Pek / Tua Li Ya Pek in Hokkien).
In Taiwan, they are called "Seventh and Eighth Masters" (七爺八爺; 七爷八爷; Qīyé Bāyé).
In Sichuan Province, they are referred to as the "Two Masters Wu" (吳二爺; 吴二爷; Wú Èr Yé).[1]
The White Guard is commonly portrayed as a fair complexioned man dressed in a white robe and wearing a tall hat bearing the Chinese words "Become Rich Upon Encountering Me" (一見發財 / 一見生財), "Become Lucky Upon Encountering Me" (一見大吉), or "You Have Come Too" (你也來了). He holds a hand fan in one hand and a fish-shaped shackle or wooden sign in the other hand. He is usually depicted as the taller of the duo.
The Black Guard is typically represented as a dark complexioned man dressed in a black robe and wearing a hat similar to the one worn by the White Guard. The Chinese words on his hat are "Peace to the World" (天下太平) or "Arresting You Right Now" (正在捉你). He holds a hand fan in one hand and a squarish wooden sign in the other hand. The sign bears the words "Making a Clear Distinction Between Good and Evil" (善惡分明) or "Rewarding the Good and Punishing the Evil" (獎善罰惡). A long chain is wrapped around one of his arms.
Some statues of them depict them with ferocious snarls on their faces and long red tongues sticking out their mouths to scare away evil spirits. However, sometimes they have different facial expressions: the White Guard looks friendly and approachable while the Black Guard looks stern and fierce.
One day, the White Guard was on patrol when he saw a woman and two children crying in front of a grave. He asked what happened. The woman was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, who owned four shops. She was born with smallpox, which affected her physical appearance. Her mother died in depression after feeling guilty for what happened to her daughter. The merchant had a cunning servant, who knew that no man would want to marry his master's daughter because of her appearance. The servant considered that if he married her, he would inherit his master's wealth when his master died, so he pretended to like his master's daughter and eventually married her. She had two children with him. The servant revealed his true colours later: He neglected his family, treated them with contempt, and spent his time indulging in sensual pleasures. The merchant regretted his decision to marry his daughter to his servant and died in frustration.
The White Guard felt angry after hearing the story and decided to help the woman. When she returned home, she met a man who wanted to collect a gambling debt owed by her husband. After she paid him, he saw that she was alone and tried to molest her but she shoved him away and locked herself inside her room. She then cried over her plight and tried to hang herself. Just then, the door opened and the White Guard came in with her children. She saw the White Guard's friendly appearance and felt no fear. He advised her, "Why are you thinking of taking your own life? Why don't you pack your belongings and leave this place for good with your children? They need you to take care of them and raise them." She heeded the White Guard's advice. After they left, the house and the four shops suddenly caught fire and were burnt down. By the time the servant found out about the fire, all his inherited fortune had already been destroyed.
The most common background story of the Heibai Wuchang says that Xie Bi'an and Fan Wujiu used to work as constables in a yamen. One day, a convict they were escorting to another location escaped during the journey. They decided to split up and search for the escaped convict and meet again later under a bridge at a certain time. However, Xie Bi'an was delayed due to heavy rain so he did not reach the bridge in time. Fan Wujiu, who was on time, waited under the bridge. The heavy rain caused flooding in the area under the bridge. Fan Wujiu refused to leave because he wanted to keep his promise to his colleague, and eventually drowned. When Xie Bi'an arrived, he was saddened to see that Fan Wujiu had drowned, so he committed suicide by hanging himself. The Jade Emperor was deeply impressed by their friendship so he appointed them as "Guardians of the Underworld".
Some other versions of their background story are generally similar to the above story in two aspects. First, both of them agreed to meet at a certain place at a certain time. Second, the ways in which they died. The differences lie in their previous careers: Some believed they were military officers (hence they were also called "Generals") while others said they were peasants who lived next to each other.
There are other stories which say that the Heibai Wuchang have different, unrelated backgrounds. The Black Guard was a scoundrel who spent his time gambling. His father tried to discipline him and force him to change his ways but he refused to listen. One day, he lost all his money in gambling and had a violent argument with his father when he came home. His father lost control of himself and killed his son in anger. After his death, the Black Guard was sent to Hell, where he received due punishment. He repented and atoned for his sins by doing several good deeds. The gods were touched by his repentance and appointed him as the Black Guard of Impermanence. The White Guard, on the other hand, was born in a wealthy family and had a kind personality. His father once sent him on an errand with a large sum of money, but he forgot about his errand and used the money to help a poor family in need. When he realised his mistake, he felt ashamed to return home to face his parents so he committed suicide. After his death, the gods considered his good deeds and appointed him as the White Guard of Impermanence.
- 黑白无双 ( Heibai Wushang) Black and White Warriors , was Retitled as The Unparalleled Black and White when it was aired on Bilibili, Aired Starting: Jul 9, 2015,[2] Adopted to a Chinese animation from the WebComic 黑白无双 from idmzj.com authored by Yu Yanshu(于彦舒),[3] produced by Wawayu Animation[4] (娃娃鱼动画), A story about two young demons who are always slacking off at work, a place that happens to be an organization that vows to keep the balance between the worlds of the living and dead by killing humans![2][5] Xiao Hei (魍heng) and Xiao Bai (Yan Jie) are an ordinary black and white team in the world, but Xiao Bai hides amazing secrets and huge energy. All walks of life started competing around Xiao Bai. As Xiao Bai's Brother, in order to protect Xiaobai and for the peace of the three realms, Xiaohei grew up from a naughty child to a powerful warrior. In the Three Realms, Zhong Kui, Lu Shu, Master Yan, Sha Xiaomi, Dong Ting, Fu Fu, Yao Renju, Bai Long, Chi You, San Sang Wuzhi, Samuel, etc. are involved in fierce battles. Xiao Hei and Xiao Bai are at the center of the whirlpool. Embark on a journey with an uncertain future.
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