女媧 NüWA NIANG NIANG
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女
根據《道藏》記載，女媧是上古女神而曾為帝者[10]。是上古諸神之一，成為後世民間信仰中的神祇，在道教中有不少人供奉。道號為「玄元洞府煉石補天媧皇上聖元君」[11]。截至2014年7月中華民國內政部宗教系統總計，臺閩地區寺廟中共有七間主祭寺廟（其它配祀廟宇不載）[12]，亦是臺灣民間信仰的重要神靈。
有信徒相信「九天玄女」與女媧為同一神祇的化身。另外又有「地母娘娘」、「驪山老母」等都是女媧化身的說法，惟這些說法在歷史經典及《道藏》中並無相關考證記載。
傳說事跡
[編輯]稱謂源流
[編輯]女媧氏為上古氏族。《說文解字》釋「媧」字為女媧之稱謂，段玉裁注「媧」與「化」疊韻[13][14]，表示「女媧」的詞源和得名本身即與「化育」的功能相聯繫。
《陔餘叢考》引《三皇本紀》記載：「女媧氏亦風姓，有神聖之德，代宓犧立，號曰女希氏，以木德王。是女媧，古帝王之聖者，古無文字，但以音呼，後人因音而傅以字，適得此「女媧」二字，初非以其為婦人而加此號也。」[17]
鄭康成根據《春秋緯》注《禮記》云：「女媧，三皇承伏羲者。」認為女媧是三皇之一。司馬貞在《補史記·三皇本紀》中也認為女媧是三皇之一。但三皇五帝向來說法不一，如《尚書大傳》、《帝王世紀》等均將女媧排除在三皇之外。
血緣關係
[編輯]女媧與伏羲為兄妹關係，母親是華胥氏[5]。古籍多提到華胥氏因為在雷澤踩了大腳印而在成紀生下伏羲[18][19][20][21][22]。古華胥國在今陝西省西安市附近的藍田縣華胥鎮，有華胥溝、女媧谷、鍊石台等相關地名遺存。
《通志》引《春秋世譜》記載：
華胥生男子為伏羲，女子為女媧，故世言女媧伏羲之妹，風姓，人首蛇身，乘伏羲制度，作笙簧。張雲幕，枚占神明，能變化萬物。
往古之時，四極廢，九州裂，天不兼覆，地不周載，火爁炎而不滅，水浩洋而不息，猛獸食精民，鷙鳥攫老弱。女媧鍊五色石以補蒼天，斷鼇足以立四極，殺黑龍以濟冀川，積蘆灰以止淫水。天不足西北，故日月移焉；地不足東南，故百川注焉。蒼天神四極正，淫水涸，冀川平，狡蟲死，精民生。
女媧之後有大庭氏，有柏皇氏，有中央氏，有栗陸氏，有驪連氏，有赫胥氏，有尊盧氏，有混沌氏，有昊英氏，有朱襄氏，有葛天氏，有陰康氏，有無懷氏。據女媧氏，天子也。自大庭氏之後十三氏皆臣於伏羲，諸家以為天子。臣每疑此在伏羲時為諸侯，如夏、商、周在唐虞之世也。不然當伏羲之世分九牧而理天下，各君一方以效其治，後世之訛以為相繼為天子也。或言朱襄之時多風而陽氣蓄積，萬物解散，果實不實，士達作五弦瑟以來，陰氣以定群生。
葛天氏之時民俗熙熙，其作樂也，三人摻牛尾，投足以歌。八闋：一曰載民，二曰無鳥，三曰遂草木，四曰奮五穀，五曰謹天常，六曰達帝功，七曰依地德，八曰總萬物之極。或言自伏羲至無懷，千二百六十年。自女媧至無懷，凡十五君，襲庖羲之號千一百五十年。[23]
元·黃公紹《欽定四庫全書》〈古今韻會舉要卷四〉記載：「媧，公蛙切，音與「乖」同。《說文》：『古之神聖女，化萬物者也』，或云伏羲之妹。」[24]
元·俞琰《席上腐談》記載：「女媧氏，繼伏羲氏之王天下，後世以女媧為古聖女，乃伏羲之妹，顓頊之母，豈其然乎？」[25]
女媧與伏羲結合[26]，為最早的婚姻[9]。唐代盧仝在《與馬異結交》詩中寫道：「……女媧本是伏羲婦，恐天怒，擣鍊五色石，引日月之針，五星之縷把天補。補了三日不肯歸婿家，走向日中放老鴉。月里栽桂養蝦蟆，天公發怒化龍蛇。」
明代大乘天真圓頓教經卷《古佛天真考證龍華寶經》卷一〈古佛乾坤品第二〉記載：「無生為母，所產陰陽，本無名相，起名叫做女媧、伏羲，乃是人能之祖。有無極天真古佛，在太皇天都斗宮中坐定，請無生老母，同來商議，命女媧伏羲，叫伏羲命男女成婚，無人作保，令金公黃婆會他作媒。」、「無生母，產陰陽，先天有孕；產先天，懷聖胎，變化無窮；生一陰，生一陽，嬰兒奼女；起奶名，叫伏羲，女媧真身。」以及「無生老母生二子，伏羲女媧始人倫。」[27][28]
氏族首領
[編輯]女媧氏最早以上古氏族首領的形象出現在古籍中。唐代司馬貞在《三皇本紀》中認為，在伏羲氏之後經歷了數個世代，女媧氏便取代伏羲氏成為了氏族聯盟的首領[29]。女媧氏和伏羲氏均為風姓，表明這兩個氏族有共同的母系祖先。
在女媧氏之後成為氏族聯盟首領的是大庭氏[30]。另一說為神農氏[31]。
摶土造人
[編輯]作為中國神話中的人類始祖，女媧用黃土創造人類。但在早期的典籍中，只提及女媧造人而並未提到使用泥土。《淮南子》認為，女媧造人時，其他神靈都來幫忙。黃帝幫助人生出陰陽，上駢幫助人生出耳目，桑林幫助人生出臂手。在他們的幫助下，女媧經過了七十次的嘗試和改變，最終創造了人類[32]。
較晚時候才出現女媧摶土造人的記載。《太平御覽》引《風俗通義》說，女媧用黃土塑造人，但因工作繁重而力有未逮，於是用粗繩在泥潭中抽打，濺起的泥點就成了無數人類。那些用黃土捏成的成為富貴人家，泥點化成的就成了平凡人[6]。
開創婚姻
[編輯]
女媧造人的傳說根源，來自於女媧作為婚姻之神的身份。這一形象的建立正因為女媧創立了婚姻制度[33]。《路史》認為女媧規定了以姓氏來安排婚姻[34]，姓標誌著母系血緣，女媧與伏羲為兄妹成婚，即同姓。但在此之後，婚姻即規定同姓不婚。
因為婚姻是人類社會的基本倫理，所以漢代以來常描繪女媧伏羲手執圓規和矩尺，象徵婚姻規矩。
製造樂器
[編輯]女媧創造了笙簧。笙是將竹管插在葫蘆內製成，即類似今日之葫蘆絲[35][36][37]。簧就是笙管中的簧片。聞一多在《伏羲考》中認為伏羲和盤古都和葫蘆有關，因此女媧用葫蘆和竹管造笙的傳說，也與其兄長伏羲相聯繫。
鍊石補天
[編輯]根據《三皇本紀》記載，水神共工與火神祝融交戰。共工被祝融打敗，用頭去撞西方的世界支柱不周山，導致天塌陷，天河之水注入人間。女媧不忍人類受災，於是煉五色石補好天空，折神鱉之足撐四極，平洪水殺猛獸，人類始得以安居。[40]
《論衡》記載：
俗圖畫女媧之象為婦人之形，又其號曰「女」。仲舒之意，殆謂女媧古婦人帝王者也。男陽而女陰，陰氣為害，故祭女媧求福佑也。傳又言：共工與顓頊爭為天子，不勝，怒而觸不周之山，使天柱折，地維絕。女媧消煉五色石以補蒼天，斷鰲之足以立四極。仲舒之祭女媧，殆見此傳也。本有補蒼天、立四極之神，天氣不和，陽道不勝，儻女媧以精神助聖王止雨湛乎！[41][42]
也有其他說法。《路史》稱共工氏在太昊氏（伏羲氏）之後作亂，導致洪水為患。女媧氏與共工氏戰鬥，戰勝了共工氏，於是天地平復。[43]
唐末五代道士陶植所撰的《陶真人內丹賦》記載：「故聖人理金鎮玉，鍊石補天，體用玄黃，要崇日月。」[44]
唐張說《延州豆盧使君萬泉縣主薛氏神道碑》記載：「大聖天后，煉石補天，有王母之神器。」[45]
清趙翼《陔餘叢考》卷十九記載：「謂女媧煉五色石以補天，語極荒幻，宜乎王充非之也。然充徒以為天非玉石之類，豈石所能補；且女媧雖長，豈能及天，不能及天，又安有階級可上？五金有青黃赤白黑五色，而皆生於石中。草昧初開，莫能識別，女媧氏始識之，而以火鍛煉而出。」[46]
女媧鍊石補天之日稱為天穿日，眾說紛紜，華人各地區正月初七、初九、初十、十九、二十、廿一、廿三、廿五日不定，大致上由正月初七至正月廿五日都有，大致上以正月二十日最通行。也有人說女媧補天，由正月二十日到正月廿三日，補了三日才補成。盧仝稱：「引日月之針，五星之縷把天補。補了三日不肯歸婿家。」明代楊慎《詞品》云：「宋以前，正月二十三日為天穿日，言女媧氏以是日補天，俗以煎餅置屋上，名曰補天穿，今其俗廢久。」宋代以後，幾乎都在正月二十日。客家人、漳州閩南人稱補天之日為正月二十日。泉州三邑閩南人不過天穿日，在五月五日端午節紀念女媧補天。
女媧補天這個著名的神話亦影響後世的著書創作。《紅樓夢》的第一回即引用這個神話，女媧為了補天，煉了三萬六千五百零一塊石頭，用了三萬六千五百塊，剩下了一塊未用，轉世化身為賈寶玉的通靈寶玉。
| Nüwa | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Nuwa repairing the pillar of heaven by Xiao Yuncong (1596–1673) | |||
| Traditional Chinese | 女媧 | ||
| Simplified Chinese | 女娲 | ||
| |||
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Nüwa, also read Nügua, is a mother goddess, culture hero,[1] and/or member of the Three Sovereigns of Chinese mythology. She is a goddess in Chinese folk religion, Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism.[2] She is credited with creating humanity and repairing the Pillar of Heaven.[3]
As creator of mankind, she molded humans individually by hand with yellow clay.[4] In other stories where she fulfills this role, she only created nobles[5] and/or the rich[6] out of yellow soil. The stories vary on the other details about humanity's creation, but it was a tradition commonly believed in ancient China that she created commoners from brown mud.[5] A story holds that she was tired when she created "the rich and the noble", so all others, or "cord-made people", were created from her "dragg[ing] a string through mud".[6]
In the Huainanzi, there is a description of a great battle between deities that broke the pillars supporting Heaven and caused great devastation. There was great flooding, and Heaven had collapsed. Nüwa was the one who patched the holes in Heaven with five colored stones, and she used the legs of a tortoise to mend the pillars.[4]
There are many instances of her in literature across China which detail her in creation stories, and today, she remains a figure important to Chinese culture. She is one of the most venerated Chinese goddesses alongside Guanyin and Mazu.[citation needed]
Name
[edit]The character nü (Chinese: 女; lit. 'female') is a common prefix on the names of goddesses. The proper name is wa, also read as gua (Chinese: 媧). The Chinese character is unique to this name. Birrell translates it as 'lovely', but notes that it "could be construed as 'frog'", which is consistent with her aquatic myth.[7] In Chinese, the word for 'whirlpool' is wo (Chinese: 渦), which shares the same pronunciation with the word for 'snail' (Chinese: 蝸). These characters all have their right side constructed by the word wa (Chinese: 咼), which can be translated as 'spiral' or 'helix' as noun, and as 'spin' or 'rotate' when as verb, to describe the 'helical movement'. This mythical meaning has also been symbolically pictured as compasses in the hand which can be found on many paintings and portraits associated with her.
Her reverential name is Wahuang (Chinese: 媧皇; lit. 'Empress Wa').[8]
Description
[edit]
The Huainanzi relates Nüwa to the time when Heaven and Earth were in disruption:Going back to more ancient times, the four pillars were broken; the nine provinces were in tatters. Heaven did not completely cover [the earth]; Earth did not hold up [Heaven] all the way around [its circumference]. Fires blazed out of control and could not be extinguished; water flooded in great expanses and would not recede. Ferocious animals ate blameless people; predatory birds snatched the elderly and the weak. Thereupon, Nüwa smelted together five-colored stones in order to patch up the azure sky, cut off the legs of the great turtle to set them up as the four pillars, killed the black dragon to provide relief for Ji Province, and piled up reeds and cinders to stop the surging waters. The azure sky was patched; the four pillars were set up; the surging waters were drained; the province of Ji was tranquil; crafty vermin died off; blameless people [preserved their] lives.[9][a]
The catastrophes were supposedly caused by the battle between the deities Gonggong and Zhuanxu (an event that was mentioned earlier in the Huainanzi),[b] the five-colored stones symbolize the five Chinese elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), the black dragon was the essence of water and thus cause of the floods, Ji Province serves metonymically for the central regions (the Sinitic world).[12] Following this, the Huainanzi tells about how the sage-rulers Nüwa and Fuxi set order over the realm by following the Way (道) and its potency (德).[9]
The Classic of Mountains and Seas, dated between the Warring States period and the Han dynasty, describes Nüwa's intestines as being scattered into ten spirits.[13][non-primary source needed]
In Liezi (c. 475 – 221 BC), Chapter 5 "Questions of Tang" (卷第五 湯問篇), author Lie Yukou describes Nüwa repairing the original imperfect heaven using five-colored stones, and cutting the legs off a tortoise to use as struts to hold up the sky.[14]
In Songs of Chu (c. 340 – 278 BC), Chapter 3 "Asking Heaven" (Chinese: 问天), author Qu Yuan writes that Nüwa molded figures from the yellow earth, giving them life and the ability to bear children. After demons fought and broke the pillars of the heavens, Nüwa worked unceasingly to repair the damage, melting down the five-coloured stones to mend the heavens.[15]
In Shuowen Jiezi (c. 58 – 147 AD), China's earliest dictionary, under the entry for Nüwa author Xu Shen describes her as being both the sister and the wife of Fuxi. Nüwa and Fuxi were pictured as having snake-like tails interlocked in an Eastern Han dynasty mural in the Wuliang Temple in Jiaxiang county, Shandong province.[citation needed]
In Duyi Zhi (獨異志; c. 846 – 874 AD), Volume 3, author Li Rong gives this description.Long ago, when the world first began, there were two people, Nü Kua and her older brother. They lived on Mount K'un-lun. And there were not yet any ordinary people in the world. They talked about becoming husband and wife, but they felt ashamed. So the brother at once went with his sister up Mount K'un-lun and made this prayer: "Oh Heaven, if Thou wouldst send us two forth as man and wife, then make all the misty vapor gather. If not, then make all the misty vapor disperse." At this, the misty vapor immediately gathered. When the sister became intimate with her brother, they plaited some grass to make a fan to screen their faces. Even today, when a man takes a wife, they hold a fan, which is a symbol of what happened long ago.[16]
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%B3%E5%A8%B2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCwa
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